Diagnosing asthma is often difficult. For many, asthma symptoms tend to come and go. That’s why it’s important to talk with a doctor, preferably an asthma specialist, about your symptoms. Asthma specialists are board-certified allergists and pulmonologists who are familiar with asthma diagnosis and treatment guidelines.
Like a skilled detective, your doctor will investigate and look for clues to determine the cause of your symptoms. These clues include:
- your signs and symptoms
- medical history and family history
- physical exam
- lung function tests and other medical tests
There is no single factor or test that confirms an asthma diagnosis. Rather it is like putting together a puzzle to see if everything fits.
How is family and symptom history used in an asthma diagnosis?
Your doctor may ask questions about your asthma symptoms, your medical history, and your family history. Here are some questions to consider before your appointment:
- When did you first notice symptoms?
- How would you describe them? Cough? Trouble catching your breath? Noisy breathing?
- How often do they happen?
- How long do they last?
- What makes them better or worse?
- Do you have nighttime symptoms?
- Do you or anyone in your family have a history of:
- asthma?
- environmental allergies (such as hay fever)?
- food allergies?
- rhinitis?
- eczema (atopic dermatitis)?
- bronchitis?
- colds that linger for months instead of days?
- What health problems do you have?
- What is your home, school and/or work environment like?
- Do you smoke?
- Are you exposed to tobacco smoke from your family, or in the home or workplace?
- Do you cough or have problems catching your breath when exercising?
- Do breathing problems disturb your sleep?
How is a physical exam used in the diagnosis of asthma?
Doctors will watch the way your chest and stomach muscles move when you breathe. They will use a stethoscope to listen to air flowing in and out of your lungs.
Doctors may also look inside your nose. They are searching for signs of conditions that often go along with asthma, such as:
- rhinitis (inflammation of the nose)
- sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses)
- nasal polyps (mucus-filled sacks in the nose)
They may examine the skin to look for signs of eczema (atopic dermatitis). Asthma and eczema are both caused by inflammation. Research suggests people with asthma are more likely to also have eczema. Having eczema as a young child and developing asthma later in life is part of the allergic march.
Tests Used to Diagnose Asthma
Your doctor has evaluated your health history and conducted a physical exam. If asthma is suspected to be the cause, then diagnostic tests are needed. Part of diagnosing asthma includes breathing tests or lung function tests (also called pulmonary function tests). These tests measure lung function.
Your doctor may also perform allergy tests to determine if allergens are a possible trigger for asthma symptoms. They may also do additional tests to rule out other conditions. No single test is used to diagnose asthma, but each is a piece of the puzzle.
Spirometry Test
If signs begin to point to asthma, your doctor may use a computerized device called a spirometer to check how well your lungs are working. Spirometry is a type of pulmonary function test. You’ll be asked to take a deep breath in and then breathe out as hard as you can into the machine. The spirometer shows the amount of air you are able to breathe in and out and how fast you did it over a certain time period. If your airways are inflamed and narrowed, or if the muscles around your airways tighten up, the results will show it.
You may do this test several times, perhaps before and after using a quick-relief bronchodilator (albuterol) to relax the airways. Test results that improve after using the medicine are a strong indication of asthma.
Peak Expiratory Flow Test
A peak expiratory flow (PEF) test measures the speed of air flowing out of your lungs. Peak expiratory flow can be measured as part of spirometry. It can also be done using a handheld device called a peak flow meter (PFM).
The test starts with taking a deep breath. You then blow forcefully into the device. The device measures the speed of air that you forcefully blow out. PEF tests are part of spirometry in a doctor’s office, but you can use a PFM at home. Your doctor may want you to test at home to make sure your asthma treatment is working.
Methacholine Challenge Test
If you have no asthma symptoms on the day of your exam, the results of a lung function test may be normal. In this case, your doctor may order another test called a methacholine challenge. This is sometimes called a bronchoprovocation test.
Methacholine is a medication. It causes a brief tightening of the airways that is more intense in people who have asthma.
Methacholine challenge tests are done under the supervision of a doctor. You start by getting a baseline spirometry measurement. Then you inhale a small amount of methacholine and repeat the lung function tests. You take increasing doses of methacholine until a maximum dose is reached or you have a 20% drop in your lung function. If the test causes a decrease in lung function, you likely have an asthma diagnosis.
FeNO Test
FeNO stands for fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a gas produced by the cells in your lung as a response to inflammation. A FeNO or exhaled nitric oxide test measures the amount of the gas in your lungs. Higher amounts of FeNO suggests high amounts of inflammation in the lungs.
With this type of lung function test, you slowly and steadily breathe out into a handheld tube. As you breath out, the device measures the amount of gas in your breath. This will help your doctor measure inflammation in your lungs. Your doctor may repeat FeNO test at follow-up visits to look at signs of asthma control.
FeNO tests can also help your doctor determine the best treatment for you.
How do you diagnose moderate to severe asthma?
Each person’s asthma is unique and doctors evaluate it on a spectrum. Some people may develop moderate persistent asthma or severe persistent asthma. It is estimated that 5-10% of people with asthma have severe asthma.
Moderate persistent asthma involves experiencing symptoms daily and more than one night per week. Severe persistent asthma involves symptoms throughout the day and most nights per week. Severe asthma patients may go to the emergency department or hospital often. They may be unable to go to work or school, or do simple activities, due to breathing problems.
Some people may develop a subtype of asthma called eosinophilic asthma. This is a severe form of asthma. Eosinophils are white blood cells. They fight infection but also cause inflammation. Research has shown a link between too many eosinophils in the blood and severity of asthma attacks. Diagnosis of eosinophilic asthma may involve blood tests, a sputum sample or a bronchial biopsy of fluid examination.
It’s important to get a moderate to severe asthma diagnosis so that you and your doctor can determine the best treatment options. Biologic medications are often prescribed to treat eosinophilic asthma.
Patient education resources from Allergy & Asthma Network
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Last updated : 6/26/2024